This is gforth.info, produced by makeinfo version 7.0.3 from
gforth.texi.

This manual is for Gforth (version 0.7.9_20240801, August 01, 2024), a
fast and portable implementation of the Standard Forth language.  It
serves as reference manual, but it also contains an introduction to
Forth and a Forth tutorial.

   Authors: Bernd Paysan, Anton Ertl, Gerald Wodni Copyright © 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
2011, 2012, 2013, 2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     “GNU Free Documentation License.”

     (a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the
     Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.”
INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Gforth: (gforth).             A fast interpreter for the Forth language.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


Indirect:
gforth.info-1: 1382
gforth.info-2: 305682
gforth.info-3: 604139
gforth.info-4: 915387

Tag Table:
(Indirect)
Node: Top1382
Node: Goals16664
Ref: Goals-Footnote-118239
Node: Stability Goals18358
Node: Gforth Environment19630
Node: Invoking Gforth20399
Node: Leaving Gforth30179
Node: Help on Gforth30671
Node: Command-line editing31596
Ref: Command-line editing-Footnote-134198
Node: Environment variables34257
Node: Gforth Files36100
Node: Gforth in pipes36947
Node: Startup speed38804
Node: Tutorial42240
Node: Starting Gforth Tutorial44558
Node: Syntax Tutorial44966
Node: Crash Course Tutorial45864
Node: Stack Tutorial46718
Node: Arithmetics Tutorial47396
Ref: Arithmetics Tutorial-Footnote-148438
Node: Stack Manipulation Tutorial48519
Node: Using files for Forth code Tutorial49971
Node: Comments Tutorial51513
Ref: Comments Tutorial-Footnote-152639
Node: Colon Definitions Tutorial52708
Node: Decompilation Tutorial53846
Node: Stack-Effect Comments Tutorial54386
Node: Types Tutorial57592
Node: Factoring Tutorial59412
Node: Designing the stack effect Tutorial60584
Node: Local Variables Tutorial63172
Node: Conditional execution Tutorial64590
Node: Flags and Comparisons Tutorial65963
Node: General Loops Tutorial68670
Node: Counted loops Tutorial70720
Node: Recursion Tutorial72112
Node: Leaving definitions or loops Tutorial73129
Node: Return Stack Tutorial73854
Node: Memory Tutorial75722
Node: Characters and Strings Tutorial78611
Node: Alignment Tutorial80178
Node: Floating Point Tutorial81399
Node: Files Tutorial84978
Node: Interpretation and Compilation Semantics and Immediacy Tutorial88245
Node: Execution Tokens Tutorial90843
Node: Exceptions Tutorial93966
Node: Defining Words Tutorial95836
Node: Arrays and Records Tutorial98752
Node: POSTPONE Tutorial100136
Node: Literal Tutorial102089
Node: Advanced macros Tutorial102980
Node: Compilation Tokens Tutorial105370
Node: Wordlists and Search Order Tutorial106569
Node: Introduction109370
Node: Introducing the Text Interpreter111498
Ref: Introducing the Text Interpreter-Footnote-1116718
Node: Stacks and Postfix notation116802
Node: Your first definition126022
Ref: Your first definition-Footnote-1129576
Node: How does that work?129740
Node: Forth is written in Forth139105
Ref: Forth is written in Forth-Footnote-1140852
Ref: Forth is written in Forth-Footnote-2140942
Node: Review - elements of a Forth system140996
Node: Where to go next142892
Node: Exercises144644
Node: Literals in source code144952
Node: Words151250
Node: Notation152069
Node: Case insensitivity156352
Node: Comments157684
Node: Boolean Flags158906
Node: Arithmetic159796
Node: Single precision160807
Node: Double precision161954
Node: Mixed precision163274
Node: Integer division163569
Node: Two-stage integer division169708
Node: Bitwise operations175037
Node: Numeric comparison178738
Node: Floating Point181362
Ref: Floating Point-Footnote-1187585
Node: Stack Manipulation187777
Node: Data stack188447
Node: Floating point stack189947
Node: Return stack190831
Node: Locals stack191941
Node: Stack pointer manipulation192233
Node: Memory193385
Node: Memory model193834
Ref: Memory model-Footnote-1195057
Node: Dictionary allocation195273
Node: Heap Allocation199322
Node: Memory Access202749
Node: Special Memory Accesses204301
Node: Address arithmetic208831
Node: Memory Blocks214535
Node: Strings and Characters217100
Node: Characters217406
Node: String representations218927
Node: String and character literals220242
Node: String words224571
Node: $tring words229378
Node: Counted string words236238
Node: Control Structures237477
Ref: Control Structures-Footnote-1238186
Node: Selection238299
Node: Simple Loops241254
Node: Counted Loops241985
Ref: Counted Loops-Footnote-1252966
Node: BEGIN loops with multiple exits253011
Node: General control structures with CASE255041
Ref: General control structures with CASE-Footnote-1257995
Node: Arbitrary control structures258133
Node: Calls and returns264669
Node: Exception Handling266822
Node: Defining Words277834
Node: CREATE278581
Node: Variables280804
Node: Constants282965
Ref: Constants-Footnote-1286285
Node: Values286401
Node: Varues287813
Node: Colon Definitions288910
Node: Anonymous Definitions292032
Node: Quotations293610
Node: Supplying names294825
Node: User-defined Defining Words295496
Node: User-defined defining words with colon definitions296259
Ref: User-defined defining words with colon definitions-Footnote-1298845
Node: User-defined defining words using CREATE299129
Ref: User-defined defining words using CREATE-Footnote-1304048
Ref: User-defined defining words using CREATE-Footnote-2304115
Node: CREATE..DOES> applications305682
Node: CREATE..DOES> details307087
Node: Advanced does> usage example309663
Node: User-defined TO and DEFER@314195
Node: User-defined compile-comma316838
Node: Creating from a prototype321688
Node: Making a word current323979
Node: Const-does>324812
Node: Deferred Words326059
Node: Forward330444
Node: Aliases331223
Node: Interpretation and Compilation Semantics332917
Ref: Interpretation and Compilation Semantics-Footnote-1335996
Ref: Interpretation and Compilation Semantics-Footnote-2336070
Node: Combined words336295
Ref: state-smartness337904
Ref: Combined words-Footnote-1338894
Node: Tokens for Words339109
Node: Execution token339570
Ref: Execution token-Footnote-1343402
Node: Name token343731
Node: Compilation token348354
Ref: Compilation token-Footnote-1350154
Node: Compiling words350379
Node: Literals351097
Node: Macros354345
Ref: Macros-Footnote-1362586
Node: The Text Interpreter362792
Ref: The Text Interpreter-Footnote-1368987
Ref: The Text Interpreter-Footnote-2369084
Ref: The Text Interpreter-Footnote-3369295
Ref: The Text Interpreter-Footnote-4369453
Ref: The Text Interpreter-Footnote-5369493
Node: Input Sources369587
Node: Number Conversion371999
Node: Interpret/Compile states374667
Node: Interpreter Directives375552
Node: Recognizers379973
Node: Default Recognizers380822
Node: Dealing with existing Recognizers384577
Node: Defining Recognizers390515
Node: Text Interpreter Hooks390686
Node: The Input Stream391233
Node: Word Lists395417
Node: Vocabularies403105
Node: Why use word lists?404352
Node: Word list example406908
Node: Environmental Queries407609
Node: Files416346
Node: Forth source files416910
Node: General files420303
Node: Redirection424563
Node: Directories426605
Node: Search Paths429249
Node: Source Search Paths431163
Node: General Search Paths432101
Node: Blocks434210
Ref: Blocks-Footnote-1444292
Node: Other I/O444691
Node: Simple numeric output445445
Node: Formatted numeric output447782
Node: Floating-point output454500
Node: Miscellaneous output459261
Node: Displaying characters and strings462357
Node: Terminal output463062
Node: Single-key input465648
Node: Line input and conversion472440
Node: Pipes476073
Node: Xchars and Unicode477059
Node: i18n and l10n483106
Node: Substitute486418
Node: CSV Reader488534
Node: OS command line arguments489036
Node: Locals491301
Node: Gforth locals492033
Node: Locals definition words497010
Node: Where are locals visible by name?500907
Ref: Where are locals visible by name?-Footnote-1508108
Node: How long do locals live?508207
Node: Locals programming style509069
Node: Locals implementation511781
Node: Closures518216
Node: Standard Forth locals522832
Node: Structures524383
Node: Why explicit structure support?525233
Node: Structure Usage527807
Ref: Structure Usage-Footnote-1530787
Node: Structure Naming Convention531071
Node: Structure Implementation532274
Node: Structure Glossary533603
Node: Forth200x Structures535629
Node: Object-oriented Forth538244
Node: Why object-oriented programming?538991
Node: Object-Oriented Terminology540354
Node: Objects542213
Node: Properties of the Objects model543358
Node: Basic Objects Usage545149
Node: The Objects base class547558
Node: Creating objects548048
Node: Object-Oriented Programming Style548850
Node: Class Binding549846
Node: Method conveniences552100
Ref: Method conveniences-Footnote-1554256
Node: Classes and Scoping554454
Node: Dividing classes555934
Node: Object Interfaces557188
Node: Objects Implementation559204
Ref: Objects Implementation-Footnote-1564071
Node: Objects Glossary564149
Node: OOF570996
Node: Properties of the OOF model571708
Node: Basic OOF Usage572764
Node: The OOF base class575074
Node: Class Declaration578597
Node: Class Implementation579694
Node: Mini-OOF579841
Node: Basic Mini-OOF Usage580332
Node: Mini-OOF Example581600
Node: Mini-OOF Implementation583147
Node: Mini-OOF2587211
Node: Comparison with other object models588479
Ref: Comparison with other object models-Footnote-1592157
Node: Regular Expressions592315
Node: Programming Tools598890
Node: Locating source code definitions599628
Node: Locating uses of a word604139
Node: Locating exception source606697
Node: Examining compiled code607027
Node: Examining data612704
Node: Forgetting words615072
Node: Debugging616419
Node: Assertions619659
Node: Singlestep Debugger623102
Node: Code Coverage625473
Node: Multitasker628300
Node: Pthreads628925
Node: Basic multi-tasking629725
Node: Task-local data633878
Node: Semaphores635696
Node: Hardware operations for multi-tasking637064
Node: Message queues638594
Node: Cilk640536
Node: C Interface642610
Node: Calling C Functions643774
Ref: Calling C Functions-Footnote-1646290
Node: Declaring C Functions646502
Node: Calling C function pointers650133
Node: Defining library interfaces651699
Node: Declaring OS-level libraries654469
Node: Callbacks656683
Node: C interface internals658392
Node: Low-Level C Interface Words659736
Node: Automated interface generation using SWIG660473
Node: Migrating the C interface from earlier Gforth662842
Node: Assembler and Code Words663532
Node: Assembler Definitions664223
Node: Common Assembler671465
Node: Common Disassembler674163
Node: 386 Assembler675858
Node: AMD64 Assembler680309
Node: Alpha Assembler687464
Node: MIPS assembler688429
Node: PowerPC assembler691854
Node: ARM Assembler692866
Node: Other assemblers697805
Node: Carnal words699107
Node: Header fields699501
Node: Header methods702533
Node: Threading Words710100
Node: Passing Commands to the OS715983
Node: Keeping track of Time717641
Node: Miscellaneous Words719052
Node: Error messages719650
Node: Tools722885
Node: Standard Report723189
Node: Stack depth changes725088
Node: Standard conformance727066
Node: The Core Words729970
Node: core-idef730330
Node: core-ambcond738715
Node: core-other748305
Node: The optional Block word set749632
Node: block-idef750033
Node: block-ambcond750461
Node: block-other751409
Node: The optional Double Number word set751770
Node: double-ambcond752082
Node: The optional Exception word set752356
Node: exception-idef752673
Node: The optional Facility word set753407
Node: facility-idef753773
Node: facility-ambcond754952
Node: The optional File-Access word set755353
Node: file-idef755730
Node: file-ambcond758117
Node: The optional Floating-Point word set759428
Node: floating-idef759809
Node: floating-ambcond760953
Node: The optional Locals word set764124
Node: locals-idef764495
Node: locals-ambcond765038
Node: The optional Memory-Allocation word set765541
Node: memory-idef765884
Node: The optional Programming-Tools word set766349
Node: programming-idef766753
Node: programming-ambcond767685
Node: The optional Search-Order word set769020
Node: search-idef769366
Node: search-ambcond769744
Node: Standard vs Extensions770510
Node: Model773857
Node: Integrating Gforth774089
Node: Emacs and Gforth777722
Node: Installing gforth.el779618
Node: Emacs Tags780405
Node: Hilighting781314
Node: Auto-Indentation783186
Node: Blocks Files784603
Node: Image Files785995
Node: Image Licensing Issues786784
Node: Image File Background787974
Ref: Image File Background-Footnote-1792266
Node: Non-Relocatable Image Files792382
Node: Data-Relocatable Image Files793373
Node: Fully Relocatable Image Files794282
Node: gforthmi795156
Node: cross.fs797886
Node: Stack and Dictionary Sizes798596
Node: Running Image Files799686
Ref: Running Image Files-Footnote-1802627
Node: Modifying the Startup Sequence802998
Node: Engine805665
Node: Portability806410
Node: Threading809089
Node: Scheduling810328
Node: Direct or Indirect Threaded?812130
Node: Dynamic Superinstructions814987
Node: DOES>819770
Node: Primitives820876
Node: Automatic Generation821074
Ref: Automatic Generation-Footnote-1824581
Node: TOS Optimization824752
Node: Produced code827453
Node: Performance827872
Node: Cross Compiler833274
Node: Using the Cross Compiler833789
Node: How the Cross Compiler Works838434
Node: MINOS2838615
Node: MINOS2 object framework838806
Node: actor methods839301
Node: widget methods841066
Node: MINOS2 tutorial847725
Node: Bugs848582
Node: Origin849629
Node: Forth-related information852785
Node: Licenses853383
Node: GNU Free Documentation License853669
Node: Copying876250
Node: Word Index915387
Node: Concept Index1070737

End Tag Table


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